The Hawaiian language newspapers are an invaluable repository of knowledge, historical documentation, and community discourse from the perspective of the subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom living here in these islands and abroad from 1834 to 1948. During this time, Hawaiians witnessed a great deal of change in their homelands. The newspapers serve as a time capsule for us to read about the events at this time through a truly Hawaiian perspective - the Hawaiian language. Approximately 125,00 pages were printed in total and Hawaiʻi boasted over 100 different newspapers throughout this 114-year span. From the time that the missionaries brought the first printing press with the intention of translating the Bible into Hawaiian, in only two generations, Hawaiʻi was 95% literate. This was the highest literacy rate in the world, along with that of Scotland and England. We went from an oral culture to an entirely literate one, in only 2 generations, corresponding with diplomats and governments around the world. Written and compiled by Johanna Kapōmaikaʻi Stone

Building Upon Kahua Aʻo (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, College of Education) https://coe.hawaii.edu/kahuaao/hawaiian-language/

Building Upon Kahua Aʻo (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, College of Education) https://coe.hawaii.edu/kahuaao/selected-articles-for-stem-all/

Hawaiian Nūpepa Collection (Ulukau) http://www.nupepa.org/

Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Ulukau) http://wehewehe.org/

Papakilo Database https://www.papakilodatabase.com/

Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library https://ulukau.org/